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Summary of knowledge, the relationship of organisms to ecosystems.

2024/5/11 Edited to

... Read moreถ้าใครกำลังอ่านสอบ “ระบบนิเวศ ม.3” เรามักสับสนว่าอะไรคือความสัมพันธ์ในระบบนิเวศ และต้องท่องอะไรบ้าง เราเลยสรุปแบบที่ใช้ทบทวนก่อนสอบได้เร็ว ๆ ให้ครบทั้ง “สิ่งมีชีวิตและสิ่งไม่ชีวิต” + “โซ่อาหาร/สายใยอาหาร” 1) องค์ประกอบของระบบนิเวศ: สิ่งมีชีวิต vs สิ่งไม่มีชีวิต - สิ่งไม่มีชีวิต (ปัจจัยกายภาพ) ที่จำเป็นต่อการดำรงชีวิต: แสง, น้ำ, อากาศ, อุณหภูมิ, แร่ธาตุ (รวมถึงดิน/ความชื้น) ปัจจัยพวกนี้เป็นตัวกำหนดว่าในพื้นที่นั้นสิ่งมีชีวิตชนิดไหนอยู่ได้ดี - สิ่งมีชีวิต (ปัจจัยชีวภาพ): ผู้ผลิต ผู้บริโภค และผู้ย่อยสลาย จำง่าย ๆ: “แหล่งพลังงานเริ่มที่แสง → ผู้ผลิต → ผู้บริโภค → ผู้ย่อยสลาย” 2) ผู้ผลิต/ผู้บริโภค/ผู้ย่อยสลาย ต่างกันยังไง - ผู้ผลิต: พืช/สาหร่าย สร้างอาหารเองได้ด้วยการสังเคราะห์ด้วยแสง รับพลังงานจากแสงเป็นหลัก - ผู้บริโภคแบ่งได้หลายแบบ (ช่วยให้ทำข้อสอบได้): • สัตว์กินพืช (ผู้บริโภคอันดับ 1) • สัตว์กินสัตว์ (ผู้บริโภคอันดับสูงขึ้น) • สัตว์กินทั้งพืชและสัตว์ • ผู้กินซาก/ผู้ย่อยสลาย: สิ่งมีชีวิตที่เกี่ยวกับซากพืชซากสัตว์ เช่น แบคทีเรีย รา ไส้เดือน (มักออกข้อสอบเรื่อง “คืนแร่ธาตุสู่ดิน”) 3) โซ่อาหาร vs สายใยอาหาร (ออกบ่อยมาก) - โซ่อาหาร: เส้นทางการกินแบบ “เส้นเดียว” เช่น หญ้า → ตั๊กแตน → กบ → งู → เหยี่ยว - สายใยอาหาร: หลายโซ่อาหารเชื่อมกันในระบบเดียว เพราะสิ่งมีชีวิตหนึ่งชนิดกินได้มากกว่า 1 อย่าง ทำให้ระบบสมดุลกว่า ทริคจำ: ถ้าในโจทย์มีลูกศรหลายทิศหลายเส้น = สายใยอาหาร 4) การถ่ายทอดพลังงานในระบบนิเวศ พลังงานจะไหลทางเดียวจากผู้ผลิตไปผู้บริโภค และจะ “ลดลง” เมื่อขึ้นแต่ละระดับ (ส่วนหนึ่งสูญเสียเป็นความร้อนจากการหายใจ) ดังนั้นผู้บริโภคระดับสูงจึงมีจำนวนน้อยกว่าระดับล่าง 5) ตัวอย่างความสัมพันธ์สิ่งมีชีวิตกับสิ่งแวดล้อม (ตอบเชิงเหตุผลได้) - ถ้าแสงน้อย → ผู้ผลิตน้อย → ผู้บริโภคลดลงตาม - ถ้าน้ำ/ความชื้นเหมาะสม → พืชเจริญดี → มีอาหารและที่อยู่อาศัยให้สัตว์มากขึ้น - ถ้าอุณหภูมิเปลี่ยนมาก → บางชนิดปรับตัวไม่ได้ อาจย้ายถิ่น/จำนวนลดลง สรุปก่อนทำข้อสอบ: ให้เขียนมายแมพเป็น 3 ก้อน “สิ่งไม่มีชีวิต (แสง น้ำ อากาศ อุณหภูมิ แร่ธาตุ)” → “สิ่งมีชีวิต (ผู้ผลิต/ผู้บริโภค/ผู้ย่อยสลาย)” → “โซ่อาหาร/สายใยอาหาร + การถ่ายทอดพลังงาน” แค่นี้ก็ครอบคลุมคำถามส่วนใหญ่แล้วค่ะ/ครับ

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